- , Β« , Β». [2]
, , , XXI . , 3 , , . , 7 . 70% .
1,5 Β° C , . ; - , , . [3] , , .
Β« Β» Β« Β». , , , , . , , . , [4] [5] , 2050 . [6]
, , , . 7,5% 2018 [7], . , 2019 . , .
1987 « » . «», , : « , ».
: , , Β« ". [8] , , , .
, : , , . [9]
, XXI , , . [10] [11] 2011 :
10 , , . [12]
, 2,5 . [13] , , 7 . [14] Β« , , Β» 2030 . [15]
, , 72% , , 2014 . 31% , , 15%, 12%. 5% , , 8% - . [16] [17] 2015 80% . [18]
2,5 [13] . , 4,3 . [19] , , , . . 2019 , , , . [19]
. [21] 2018 . 1,5 Β° C , 1,5 Β° C " CO
2 45% 2010 2030 , 2050 . " , (, ) , , .
, 1,5 Β° C, , . ( , ):
- : , , 15% 2020 60% 2050 . , , 10% 27%, . 1,8% 21%.
- : , , 2,1% 2020 4% 2050 . , . , " ".
- . 2020 2050 26% 5%, 35% 13%.
- : , , , . , 23% 2020 13% 2050 .
- . .
- : 2020 20% . 2050 .
- : (, ). 2010 2030 2050 .
, Β« Β» Β« Β» , . , , . [30]
2018 3% . [7] , . , . . 25 , , 40 [31], . [32]
(PV) 24% , , . [33] , . 2008 (MIT) , . [34] , , .
, [35], Β« Β». [36]
, , , , , . . [37]
β 1 MIT, 1939 , (STES) .
, . , . [38] , . [39] ( 20 80%) . . , . .
2018 6% . [7] , . [30] , . .
20 , , , . [41]
- 100 . , , . [42] , , : , , , . [43]
, () , . [44] , , .
2015 16% , 20% - 20- . 60% 80% . 2017 1980 , .
- , . , , .
. , . , . Β« Β» ( ) . [46] , . , , . [48]
, , , . .
- , , , . , , , , , . 2020 . , .
. , , . [51] , , , . [52] 2018 , . [53] [54]
, . , , , , , , 0,25 / 2 1,2 / . 2 . 10% 2011 , 40% . , . [56] 2015 1,8% , . , - , , : , , , , . [57]
, . - , . [58] , , (, , ). [58] , , . [59] . . , . [59] , . [60]
. , . 2010 24 [61], 70 . [62]
5 2015 . [63]
, , . [64] 45 - , 5 , . [62]
- , , . 2020 . [66]
, , , , . , , , , , . - , ( 96%) . [67]
1950- , , , . 2012 30 11% . , , ( ), . [69] 2020 50% 26% . [70]
1993 , [72] , , , . [73]
, Β« Β» Β« -Β», . [74] , , , [74] , [75] ,[76] [77] (2001-2007) . [78]
2018 . [6]
, ( ) , , . (, ) . , , «» , . , .
- , . , , , [79] [80] [81] . [81] . [82]
, , 80 [83] .[84] , , , . [85]
Fusion
( , ). , , . , , ( ), - . [86] , . [87]
, , , , . , 2 Β° C , , BECCS. [88] BECCS , . , 10 CO 2 (GtCO 2/ ) 40 . [89]
(VRE), . . [90] [91]
, . : Β« , , Β». [92] 2030 , 2 Β° C 2050 . [93] , , , . :
- , .
- . , , . . , , . [94]
-
- .
- , , , , , [95] [96]
2019 , . [97] , , 2019 , , , , 11 230 280 , , . [97]
, , , , 2020 .
2020 - , , . [98] [99] [100] [101] , ,
2 [102] , , CO2 5 , . [103] [104]
, , , , , , . , , . [105]
, . , , , , . , , . , , . [106], , ; . , , . [107]
2019 . - 80% , , , 2020- , 2 . [108]
2019 400 , 2018 10% , 8% 25% 2030 . [109]
2020 , , , .
[110] [111] [112]
, . [113]
: . [114] , . , , , . , . [115] 40 .
, 2040 - . [108]
, , 1,5 Β° C.
. [118] 1970- 1980- , , . [118] , , , . [119] , . [120]
, , [121] , . [122] , , , . [118] , , 70% CO2, , 2018 . [123] , , .
, , . , 500 1992 9 000 2011 . [124]
- , , , . , , , , . , , . [125] . 20% [126], , , 7% . [127] 2020 , 100% , [128] , . [129] , . [130] , [131], .
2018 . (SMR), , , . , . [129]
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