(. ) | |
|---|---|
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: " " ( ) « » [1] | |
: « » [2] [3] « - » [4] [2]  | |
" Vande Mataram " ( ) " , " [a] [1] [2] | |
 , , - ; , - | |
| - | |
| ( ) ( ) | |
| |
| [8] [9] [10] | |
| 447 [c] | |
| (2011) |
|
| () | |
| , , , , , G4 , , G8 + 5 , G20 , | |
• | |
• - | Venkaiah Naidu |
• - | |
• | |
• | |
• | |
• | |
• | |
| | |
• | 15 1947 . |
• | 26 1950 . |
• | 3 287 263 [2] 2 (1 269 219 . ) [] ( 7- ) |
• (%) | 9,6 |
• 2018 |  1 352 642 280 [15] [16] ( 2- ) |
• 2011 | 1 210 854 977 [17] [18] ( 2- ) |
• | 406,7 / 2 (1 053,3 / . ) ( 19- ) |
| ( ) | 2020 |
• | $ 12,363 [19] ( 3- ) |
• | 9 027 . [19] ( 118- ) |
| () | 2020 |
• | 3,202 [19] ( 5- ) |
• | 2338 . [19] ( 139- ) |
| (2013) | 33,9 [20] · 79- |
| (2018) | 0,647 [21] · 129- |
| (₹) ( INR ) | |
| UTC + 05:30 ( IST ) | |
| |
| 230 – 50 | |
| [22] | |
| +91 | |
| ISO 3166 | |
| TLD | .in ( ) |
, ( : ), [23] . , . , - -, ; [f] , ; . - ; .
55 000 . [24] , -, , . [25] 9000 , . [26] 1200 . .., , - , -, , . [27] . [28] 400 . .., , [29] , . [30] , . [31] [32], [33] . [] [34] , - - . [35]
, , . [36] , [37] . [38] 15 . [39] , , . [40] 1526 , [41] . [h] [42] - , , . [43] 1858 . , , , [44], , , . [45] , . [46] 1947 , , . [47] [48]
1950 , . , . 361 1951 1211 2011 . [49] 64 1498 , - 16,6% 74%. 1951 , [50] , . [51] , . , . [52] , . [53] , , . , , 20- . [54] - , , , , [55] . [56] , . [57] 21,4% . [58] , , [59] .
( 2009 ), «» , ; ( isticνδία ); Indos ( Ἰνδός ); , ; , , , , «», , , . [60] [61] , ( ), « ». [62]
( Bhārat ; [ˈbʱaːɾət] ( )
), , , [63] [64] , . , , [65] [66] 19- , . [63] [67]
([ɦɪndʊˈstaːn] ( ) ) - - , . , , , . [63] [67] [68]
55 000 , Homo Sapiens , , . [69] [70] [71] 30 000 . [72] 6500 . .., , , . [73] , [74] [73] ,[75], 2500–1900 . .. . [76] , - , , , , . [75]
2000–500 . .. . [77] , , , [78] , [79] , . [77] , -. [78] , , , , , . [80] . [77] , , , [81], , . [81]
, 6- .., - 16 , . [82] [83] , . . [84] , , , ; .[85] [86] [87] [88], . , 3- .., . [89] - , , , , . [90] [91] , , . . [92] [93]
, 200 . .. 200 .., Cheras , , , , - . [94] [95] , . [96] [89] 4- 5- ; . [97] [98] , , , . [99] , . [98] , , , . [98]
, 600 . 1200 . .., . [100] , - 606 647 . . ., , . [101] , . [101] , , , , . [101] , . [100] , , , , . [102] , , . [102]
6- 7- . [103] , . [103] , , , , , . [104] , . [104] 8- 9- , - , , , , , , , , . [105] , , ; - , . [105]
10- , , , - , 1206 . [106 ] . , . [107] [108] 13- , , , , , , , - . [109] [110] . [111] , [112]. . [111]
16 , , [113] . [114] , . [115] [116] , [117] , . [118] , , , , . [117] , [119] [120], . [118] , 17- , [118], , , . [121] , , , , , . [122] . [122] , . [123]
18- , , , - , . [124] [125] - , , ; , 1765 . [126] [124] [127] [128] 1820- . [129] , , . , . [124] , , , , . [130]
, - 1848 1885 . 1848 . , . - - , . , . , , , . [131] [132] [133] [134] , 1857 ., , , , , . [135] [136] 1858 , - . , , . [137] [138] 1885 . [139] [140] [141] [142]
19- , . [143] , [144] , , . [145] : , , . [146] , [147] ,[147] . [146]
, , [148] . , , , . [149] 1930- ; . [150] : . 1947 , : . [151]
, 1950 , . [152] , . [153] , 1990 - , , , [154] . , . [153] , , , , , ; [153] ; [155] Naxalite ; [156] - . [157] [158] . [158] ; , , , . [159]
, , - . [160] 75 , , , - , -, -. [160] , - , . [160] , , , . [160] , [161] - . [162] , . [163]
, . , . . [164] , , , ; [165] , . , 6 ° 44 ' 35 ° 30' . [I] 68 ° 7 ' 97 ° 25' . [166]
7517 (4700 ) ; 5423 (3400 ) , 2094 (1300 ) - , . [167] - , : 43% ; 11% , ; 46% . [167]
, , , . [169] ; , , . [170] [171] , , , , , ;[172] , . [173] ; . [174] : , - ; - . [175]
, . [176] , , . [177] [178] - , . [176] : , , . [179]
- , , 17 , , . [181] 8,6% , 13,7% , 7,9% , 6% , 12,2% 6,0% . [182] [183] . [184] 34 , [57] [185] , . [J]
701 673 2 (270 917 . ), 21,35% . , . [186] , 70%, 2,61% . [186] , , - . [187] , 40% 70%, 9,59% . [186] , , . [187] , 10% 40%, 9,14% , [186] Babul -dominated . [187]
, , , [188] , peepul , [189] , - , [190] , [191]
, , 100 . [192] . . [193] , , . [187] , 12,6%, 45,8% 55,8% . [183] [194] [195] [196] [196] [197] .
172 -designated , 2,9% . [198] . : , ; ; , , , . [199] . , 1935 , . 1972 [200] «» ; 1980 , 1988 . [201] , [202] .; - . [203]
- . [205] , [206] , (), 40 . [207] , [208] . [209] [210] [211] 1950 , , 1980- . , , , [212], , . [213]
, 1951, 1957 1962 , . 1964 -; 1966 , 1967 1971 . , 1975 , 1977 ; Janata, , . . 1980 , 1984 , ; , . 1989 , . , . [214] 1991 ; . , , .. . [215]
1996 . . BJP 1996 ; , . 1998 , (). , NDA , , . [216] , 2004 , , : (). , . 2009 , . [217] - 1957 1962 , . [218] 2014 1984 , . [219] - , . 20 2017 14- 25 2017 . [220] [221] [222]
, - . , « , ». . , 26 1950 , [224] « , ».; « 1971 « , , , ». [225] , « - » , [226] 1990- , . [227] [228]
| () | |
| [8] [9] [10] | |
| " " | |
| ₹ ( ) | |
| [229] |
: [230]
- : , [231] , . [232] [233] - . [234] , [235] - , . [234] , - , , -. , , . [231] ; - . , . [236]
- : - . , , ( ), , ( ). [237] - 245 , . [238] , . [235] , , 545 ; . [239] - , , , . [240]
- : [241], , , 25 . [241] , , . [242] , , [243] , . [244]
|
|
, 28 8 . [245] , , , . . 1956 . [246] , , , . [247]
,
1950- . [249] , 1962 , , . ; : 1947 , 1965 , 1971 1999 . , 1971 , . [250] 1980- : - 1987 1990 ; 1988 . 1965 ; 1960- . [251]
, [252] . . 100 000 35 . , G8 + 5 . [253] ., [254] ; « » , , , , , . [255] [256]
1964 , 1965 . [258] 1974 1998 . , , , . [259] « » ». « ». [260] [261] . [262] [263] . . [264]
, . [265] 2008 . , , . , - . [266] , [267] , [268] , [269] . [270]
; 1,359 . , . , , , . [271] 2011 36,03 , 1,83% . [272] 2012-2013 40,44 . [273] 2008 .(SIPRI), 72,7 . . [274] 2011 11,6% [275], , . [276] 2012 ; 2007 2011 10% , . [277] . [275] 2017 .- . [278] 2018, 5,43 $ ( ₹ 400 ) S-400 -, . [279]
(), 2019 2,9 ; 11 , , . [19] 5,8%, 2011–2012 6,1%. [283] . [284] , 139- 118- . [285] 1991 , . . 1991 ; [286] [287] [288] , , . [289] 1 1995 . [290]
2016 , 513,7 , . [271] 55,6% , - 26,3%, - 18,1%. 70 2014 , , 25 , . [291] : , , , , , , . [245] : , , , , , , , , , , , . [245] 2006 24% 6% 1985 . [287] 2008 1,68%; [292] 2011 . [293] : , , , , , . [245] : , , , . [245] 2001 2011 14% 42%. [294] 2013 . [295]
7,5% 2007 , [287] 21- . [296] 1985 431 ; , 2030 580 . [297] , 2010 51- , 17- , 24- , 44- 39- . , . [298] 2009 15 . [299] , , , 2030 . [297] 2% . [300]
329 . 1991 , , 1265 . 2010 1723 . 2016 . , 2020 2 358 . [19]. , , , , , - , , . , , , , . [301]
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) 2011 , 2045 . [303] , 8% , 2050 . [303] : ; - ; , . [303] , , , , , , . [304]
2017 , Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), 400 160 , : (3- ), ( 5- ), (5- ) - (8- ). [305]
, , 2010–2011 227 [306], 2017 . [307]
, , 26% 2009-2010 [308] , 36% 2008-2009 . [309] 300 , 42 . [310] 2011 - 2,8 . , 100 . . , 7,5% , 26% . [311]
. , 2020 48,5 . . 60% . [312] [313] 12 . [314] [315] 15,1% 2012–2013 ., 204,4 . ( ) 235,24 . (3,94 . . 2013 .). [316]
-
, - . 2006 , , 1,25 . . [318] 60% 1981 42% 2005 . [319] , 2011 21%. [1] [321] 30,7% . [322] 2015 , 15% . [323] [324] Mid-Day . [325]
Walk Free 2016 , 18,3 , 1,4% , , , , , . , [326] [327] [328] 2011 , 10,1 , 2,6 , 12,6 2001 . [329]
1991 : 2007 3,2 , . [330] , . , 78- 180 2018 41 100, 85- 2014 . [331] [332]
,
1,210,193,422 2011 , [333] . 17,64% 2001 2011 [334] 21,54% (1991–2001). [334] 2011 940 1000 . [333] 27,6 2016 . [271] , 1951 , 361 . [335] , 50 , , « »« . [336]
68 - 69,6 , 67,3 . [337] 100 000 50 . [338] . , , 31,2% 1991 2001 . [339] , 2001 70% . [340] [341] 27,81% 2001 31,16% 2011 . 1991 . [342] 2011 , 53 ; , , , , , , . [343] 2011 74,04%: 65,46% 82,14% . [344] , 21,2 2001 , 16,1 2011 . , . [342] - 93,91%; 63,82%.[344]
: ( 74% ) ( 24% ). , , - . . [345] , , . [346] [347] « »; [5] . , , , 22 « ».
2011 , (79,80% ), (14,23%); (2,30%), (1,72%), (0,70%), (0,36%) [] (0,9%). [14] , , , , - . [348] [349]
4500 . [350] ( . 1700 - . 500 . .. ) , , , , , , , , . [62] : , , , , . [351] , , , , [352] - , , [351] . [353]
,
, - , - , . [354] . , « » «» , [355] , ; [356] , . [357] . , , - , , « ». [358] -, 1631 1648 , « ". [359] - , 19 , - . [360]
, 1500 . .. 1200 . .., . [361] (. 1500 . .. - 1200 . ..), : (. 400 . .. - 400 . ..) (. 300 . .. ); Abhijñānaśākuntalam ( (. 5 . ..) . [362] [363] [364] , (. 600 . .. - 300 . ..), 2381 , 473 , . [365] [366] [367] [368] XIV-XVIII - , , . ; , . [369] 19 - . 20 - , , [370] , .
. : . [371] ; . . : , , , , , . , , , . : , -, , -, , . [372] , . [373] , , : , , , , -, . [374] , .(NSD), -. , . [375] . [376] , , , , , , , , , , .[377] ( ) , 43% ; , 36%. [378]
1959 . [379] [380] 1990 - . . [381] ; , 2012 554 , 462 / , , (350 ), (156 ) (37). ). [382]
. . , , "". [383] [384] 1947 . , , . [385] [386]
, , . [387] , , . [388] , [388] , [389] , . [390] , ; 18 , . [391] - ; 15 63 50- , 2014 , , , 20 . [392] , 21 . [393] - , , . [394] , , . [395] , , , . [396]
. : , , , , , - , - , . [397] [398]
, , , . [399] , , , , . [399] , , . [399] , , , . [399] . , , , , . [399]
, , , . [400] . [400] , , . , , , . , , (, , , , ) ( , , ). [400]
. [401] , 48 . .., , . [401] , , , , , . [401] , : , . [401] , , . [401]
, . , . [402] , , , . Kameez - . [403] , [404] ), . Kameez ; ; Kameez , Kameez , , ; . [405] , - , , [406] [407] . [408] [409]
, , , . [401] ; , , ; , , - . [410] , , ; , ; , ; , shalwars , churidars , . [410]
50 . , . [411] , . 411 , , . . [411] , . . [411] , , , [412] [411], , , .
. , , , , , , , . , . [413] , , - . , , ; Vindaloo; . [414] , , , , , , . . [415] , . [416]
, , , , , . [417] , , , . [417] , , - , , , , , . [418] [417]
, . [419] , , , , , , , , , . [419] , , , , , , , - , - - - , . [419]
, . [420] , , , , , - - , . [420] [421] . [421] , , , , , , . , [422]
. ; , , , , [418] , [423] , , -. [424] , , . [424], - , , , , , , , [424] . [425] , , . , 1947 . [420] , , , , , . [420]
, , , - . , , Musti , silambam , . , , , ṅ , . [426] [427] , parcheesi . [428]
, 2010- , . [429] , . [430] [431] , , [432] ( .. - ), [433] . [434] , , , - . [435]
- . [437] - , . [438]
: 1951 1982 ; 1987 , 1996 2011 ; 2003 ; 2006 ICC Trophy ; 2010 ; 2010 ; FIFA U-17 . , , , , . - -1 2011 , F1 2014 . [439] . , . [440]
- ^ "[...] - , , ; Vande Mataram , . , Jana Gana Mana "( 1950 ).
- ^ XVII , , . [5] [1] [6] , .
- ^ , , «» «» . , SIL International, 461 ( 6 912 ), 447 , 14 . [12] [13]
- ^ " , . 3 287 260 2 (1 269 220 . ), - 3 060 500 2 (1 181 700 . ); 3 287 263 2 (1 269 219 . ) 2 973190 2 (1 147 960 . ). "( 2004 ).
- ^ .
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- ^ " , . , , , , . , . [34]
- ^ " 800 (500 ) - (" ") - . -. " [42]
- ^ - ; , -, , . 37 ° 6 ′ .
- ^ - , 1500 , 30% . [185]
- ^ , 40% 70% .
- ^ 2015 1,90 . . [320]
- ^ , 2011 « » (0,65%) « » (0,23%).
- ^ : 2005.
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« », , 24 1950 .
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- ^ « - 17, » . ( ). 8 2016 . +1 2017 .
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- ^ : a b « : « » ». 10 2017 .
- ^ : a b - (25 2010 ). «, : ». . . 4 2014 . +23 2014.
- ^ « : 50- ( 2012 . - 2013 .)» (PDF) . , , . (PDF) 8 2016 . +26 2014 .
- ^ , . ; , .; , ., . (2014). «: ( ): » . , : SIL International . +15 2014 .
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- ^ : a b "C −1 - 2011". . 25 2015 . +25 +2015.
- ^ « » - « » . pop.un.org . , . +9 2019 .
- ^ " « "- : 2019 " (xslx) . .un.org ( , -). , . +9 2019 .
- ^ « ( )» . 2011 . , . 22 2016 . +17 +2016 .
- ^ «A - 2 1901 » (PDF) . 2011 . , . (PDF) 30 2016 . +17 +2016 .
- ^ : « World Economic Outlook, 2019». IMF.org. . 30 +2019.
- ^ « » . . 10 2010 . +14 2017 .
- ^ « 2019» (PDF) . . 10 2019 . 10 +2019 .
- ^ " " . worldstandards.eu . 13 2020 . +10 2 020 .
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Culture
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External links
Government
General information
- "India". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- India at Curlie
- India from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- India from the BBC News
- Indian State district block village website
Wikimedia Atlas of India
Geographic data related to India at OpenStreetMap- Key Development Forecasts for India from International Futures
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